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Quantitative Diffusion-Tensor Anisotropy Brain MR Imaging: Normative Human Data and Anatomic Analysis¹

¹ From the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (J.S.S., R.C.M., E.A., J.A.A., A.Z.S., T.S.C.) and Dept of Physics (N.F.L., T.E.C.), Washington University Medical Center, 510 S Kingshighway Blvd, St Louis, MO 63110. Received Jul 20, 1998; revision requested Aug 19; revision received Nov 10; accepted Jan 15, 1999. Supported in part by grants from Major Grants Program of McDonnell Center for Higher Brain Function, National Multiple Sclerosis Society Pilot Research Award, Charles A. Dana Foundation Consortium on Neuroimaging Leadership Training, and PRAXIS III Fellowship from the Portuguese government. J.S.S. supported by RSNA Research and Education Foundation Research Resident Grant. Address reprint requests to J.S.S. (e-mail: shimonyj@npg.wustl.edu).

PURPOSE: To obtain normative human cerebral data and evaluate the anatomtomic information in quantitative diffusion anisotropy magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Quantitative diffusion anisotropy MR images were obtained in 13 healthy adults by using single-shot echo-planar MR imaging and a combination of tetrahedral and orthogonal gradient encoding (whole-brain coverage in about 1 minute). White matter (WM) anatomy was assessed at visual inspection, and values were measured in various brain regions. Different anisotropy measures, including total anisotropy (A), were compared on the basis of information content, rotational invariance, and susceptibility to noise. Partial volume and noise effects were simulated.

RESULTS: Anisotropy MR images depicted WM features not typically seen on conventional MR images (eg, external capsule, thalamic substructures, basal ganglia, occipital WM, thickness of the internal capsule). Statistically significant anisotropy differences occurred across brain regions, which were reproducible within and across subjects. A was highest in commissural WM and progressively lower in projection and association WM. This order paralleled that of known resistance to spread of vasogenic edema, which suggested that anisotropy may be sensitive to WM histologic structure. Gray matter (GM) A data were consistent with zero anisotropy, and partial volume WM-GM effects were approximately linear. A image quality could be effectively improved by means of averaging.

CONCLUSION: Quantitative diffusion anisotropy images can be obtained rapidly and demonstrate subtle WM anatomy. Different histologic types of WM have significant and reproducible anisotropy differences.

Index terms: Brain, diffusion, 10.99 • Brain, gray matter, 10.92 • Brain, MR, 10.121411, 10.121416, 10.12144 • Brain, white matter, 10.92 • Magnetic resonance (MR), diffusion study, 10.12144

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