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Obstetric US Imaging: The Past 40 Years¹

¹ From the Department of Radiology, Division of Diagnostic Ultrasound, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 7th Floor Main Bldg, 132 S 10th St, Philadelphia, PA 19107. Received October 28, 1999; revision requested November 24; revision received January 24, 2000; accepted January 27. Address correspondence to the author (e-mail: barry.b.goldberg@mail.tju.edu).

View larger version (111K): [in a new window]   Figure 1. Photograph of Dr Howry's early water bath scanner (1953-1954), with the transducer (arrow) mounted on a ring within the water bath scanner so that it could be moved 360° around the patient. The electronic system is on the left and the display oscilloscope is in the center.

View larger version (105K): [in a new window]   Figure 2. Photograph of SmithKline Instruments A-mode US machine being used by Dr Goldberg to examine a pregnant uterus.

View larger version (43K): [in a new window]   Figure 3. A-mode US image obtained in the fetal head. The first vertical deflection to the left is the maternal skin surface, with the two subsequent reflections arising from the fetal head.

View larger version (114K): [in a new window]   Figure 4. Photograph of a Doptone Doppler unit being used by Dr Goldberg to detect fetal heart motion.

View larger version (111K): [in a new window]   Figure 5. Photograph of compound water bath scanner, which was built by SmithKline Instruments and was located in Dr Lehman's laboratory at Hahnemann Hospital. The transducer could be moved in the water bath that was lowered over the patient's abdomen. The nurse is viewing the formed US image.

View larger version (104K): [in a new window]   Figure 6. Photograph shows Dr Goldberg moving the transducer in a sagittal plane to obtain images of the fetus with a Picker bistable US machine.

View larger version (94K): [in a new window]   Figure 7. A-C, Static B-scan US images obtained with the Picker scanner show a fetal head (arrows in A and C) and a fetal body (arrows in B) within the uterus. A, Sagittal plane; B, C, transverse plane. D, Accompanying A-mode image shows the small central vertical deflection (arrow) obtained from the midline of the fetal brain.

View larger version (123K): [in a new window]   Figure 8. Photograph of A-mode transducer containing a central lumen that has been placed on the abdomen, anterior to the pregnant uterus. A needle has been inserted through the transducer lumen and into the amniotic fluid, which is being removed for analysis.

View larger version (114K): [in a new window]   Figure 9. Photograph of a Siemens real-time US scanner positioned over a pregnant uterus. The transducer is housed within the water-filled container (arrows), and the images are being observed on the oscilloscope by the sonographer.

View larger version (103K): [in a new window]   Figure 10. Photograph of an Octoson water bath system, with a pregnant patient lying over a water-filled tank that contains eight large transducers.

View larger version (95K): [in a new window]   Figure 11. Sagittal, two-dimensional, gray-scale US image of an enlarged placenta (arrows), obtained by using the Octoson equipment.

View larger version (106K): [in a new window]   Figure 12. Three-dimensional, reconstructed US image of the fetal face.