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Contrast-enhanced Blood-Pool MR Angiography with Optimized Iron Oxides: Effect of Size and Dose on Vascular Contrast Enhancement in Rabbits¹

¹ From the Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, 48129 Münster, Germany (T.A., C.B., L.M., P.R.); and Schering AG, Berlin, Germany (W.E.). Received January 8, 2001; revision requested February 14; revision received August 20; accepted October 1. Address correspondence to T.A.

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Figure 1a. Graphs show relative enhancement for particle sizes of 65-21 nm at different doses, as compared with that of gadopentetate dimeglumine (abdominal aorta). Enhancement during the first pass and blood-pool phase increased at increasing doses for all contrast agents. Peak enhancement during the first pass increased significantly with decreasing particle size. (a-d) Diamond = USPIO 40 µmol, square = USPIO 20 µmol, circle = USPIO 10 µmol, triangle = gadopentetate dimeglumine. (e) Graph shows relative enhancement for different particle sizes at a fixed dose of 40 µmol of iron per kilogram. The smallest particle sizes of 21 and 33 nm at the highest dose of 40 µmol iron per kilogram provided the strongest signal enhancement. BW = body weight, dashed line = USPIO 65 nm, circle = USPIO 46 nm, square = USPIO 33 nm, diamond = USPIO 21 nm, triangle = gadopentetate dimeglumine.

View larger version (32K): [in a new window]   Figure 1b. Graphs show relative enhancement for particle sizes of 65-21 nm at different doses, as compared with that of gadopentetate dimeglumine (abdominal aorta). Enhancement during the first pass and blood-pool phase increased at increasing doses for all contrast agents. Peak enhancement during the first pass increased significantly with decreasing particle size. (a-d) Diamond = USPIO 40 µmol, square = USPIO 20 µmol, circle = USPIO 10 µmol, triangle = gadopentetate dimeglumine. (e) Graph shows relative enhancement for different particle sizes at a fixed dose of 40 µmol of iron per kilogram. The smallest particle sizes of 21 and 33 nm at the highest dose of 40 µmol iron per kilogram provided the strongest signal enhancement. BW = body weight, dashed line = USPIO 65 nm, circle = USPIO 46 nm, square = USPIO 33 nm, diamond = USPIO 21 nm, triangle = gadopentetate dimeglumine.

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Figure 1c. Graphs show relative enhancement for particle sizes of 65-21 nm at different doses, as compared with that of gadopentetate dimeglumine (abdominal aorta). Enhancement during the first pass and blood-pool phase increased at increasing doses for all contrast agents. Peak enhancement during the first pass increased significantly with decreasing particle size. (a-d) Diamond = USPIO 40 µmol, square = USPIO 20 µmol, circle = USPIO 10 µmol, triangle = gadopentetate dimeglumine. (e) Graph shows relative enhancement for different particle sizes at a fixed dose of 40 µmol of iron per kilogram. The smallest particle sizes of 21 and 33 nm at the highest dose of 40 µmol iron per kilogram provided the strongest signal enhancement. BW = body weight, dashed line = USPIO 65 nm, circle = USPIO 46 nm, square = USPIO 33 nm, diamond = USPIO 21 nm, triangle = gadopentetate dimeglumine.

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Figure 1d. Graphs show relative enhancement for particle sizes of 65-21 nm at different doses, as compared with that of gadopentetate dimeglumine (abdominal aorta). Enhancement during the first pass and blood-pool phase increased at increasing doses for all contrast agents. Peak enhancement during the first pass increased significantly with decreasing particle size. (a-d) Diamond = USPIO 40 µmol, square = USPIO 20 µmol, circle = USPIO 10 µmol, triangle = gadopentetate dimeglumine. (e) Graph shows relative enhancement for different particle sizes at a fixed dose of 40 µmol of iron per kilogram. The smallest particle sizes of 21 and 33 nm at the highest dose of 40 µmol iron per kilogram provided the strongest signal enhancement. BW = body weight, dashed line = USPIO 65 nm, circle = USPIO 46 nm, square = USPIO 33 nm, diamond = USPIO 21 nm, triangle = gadopentetate dimeglumine.

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Figure 1e. Graphs show relative enhancement for particle sizes of 65-21 nm at different doses, as compared with that of gadopentetate dimeglumine (abdominal aorta). Enhancement during the first pass and blood-pool phase increased at increasing doses for all contrast agents. Peak enhancement during the first pass increased significantly with decreasing particle size. (a-d) Diamond = USPIO 40 µmol, square = USPIO 20 µmol, circle = USPIO 10 µmol, triangle = gadopentetate dimeglumine. (e) Graph shows relative enhancement for different particle sizes at a fixed dose of 40 µmol of iron per kilogram. The smallest particle sizes of 21 and 33 nm at the highest dose of 40 µmol iron per kilogram provided the strongest signal enhancement. BW = body weight, dashed line = USPIO 65 nm, circle = USPIO 46 nm, square = USPIO 33 nm, diamond = USPIO 21 nm, triangle = gadopentetate dimeglumine.

View larger version (93K): [in a new window]   Figure 2. Iron oxide-enhanced (33-nm mean particle size, 40 µmol of iron per kilogram) three-dimensional FLASH MR angiographic images (5.8/1.8) acquired at given intervals after contrast material application. Maximum intensity projection images show strong initial vessel enhancement. Vessel contrast decreases slowly, and vessels remain visible up to 25 minutes after injection because of prolonged blood half life (eg, in the abdominal aorta [arrowheads]).

View larger version (95K): [in a new window]   Figure 3. Iron oxide-enhanced (21-nm mean particle size, 40 µmol of iron per kilogram) three-dimensional FLASH MR angiographic images (5.8/1.8) acquired at given intervals after contrast material application. Maximum intensity projection images show improved vessel contrast, as compared with the mean particle size of 33 nm (eg, in the abdominal aorta [arrowheads]) in Figure 2. Again, smaller vessels like the iliac arteries (arrows) remain visible up to 25 minutes after contrast material application.

View larger version (92K): [in a new window]   Figure 4. Gadopentetate dimeglumine-enhanced (0.2 mmol/kg) three-dimensional FLASH MR angiographic images (5.8/1.8) acquired at given intervals after contrast material application. Maximum intensity projection images show strong initial vessel enhancement, with rapid loss of vessel contrast (eg, in abdominal aorta [arrowheads]), already visible 5 minutes after contrast material application.