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Published online before print April 26, 2006, 10.1148/radiol.2393051070
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Anthropomorphic Breast Phantoms for Qualification of Investigators for ACRIN Protocol 66661

Ernest L. Madsen, PhD, Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, Ellen B. Mendelson, MD and Gary R. Frank

1 From the Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Ave, Room 1530, Madison, WI 53706 (E.L.M., G.R.F.); Breast Imaging Consultant, Lutherville, Md (W.A.B.); and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (E.B.M.). Received June 25, 2005; revision requested August 16; revision received September 1; final version accepted September 21. Supported by grants from the National Cancer Institute (CA89008) and the Avon Foundation. Address correspondence to E.L.M. (e-mail: elmadsen{at}wisc.edu).


Figure 1
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  		Figure 1a: Diagrams of anthropomorphic breast phantom. (a) View from the top through the scanning window and (b) view from the side. The particular ordering of the lesions here corresponds to phantom 1. Markers around the scanning window are at 1-cm intervals for use in specifying the positions of lesions.

 

Figure 1
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  		Figure 1b: Diagrams of anthropomorphic breast phantom. (a) View from the top through the scanning window and (b) view from the side. The particular ordering of the lesions here corresponds to phantom 1. Markers around the scanning window are at 1-cm intervals for use in specifying the positions of lesions.

 

Figure 2
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  		Figure 2: US image shows double-ended cone (lesion 7) near center (open arrow), surrounded by the glandular region. The long axis of the lesion is horizontal. The scalloped interface at about 1 cm depth is that between the subcutaneous fat and the glandular region. The linear horizontal echo at the top marks the scanning window; a reverberation 2 mm below the scanning window likely arises within the transducer. The retromammary fat pad (thick solid arrow) is at about 5 cm depth, and the very echogenic pectoral muscle layer is below that. A horizontal transducer reverberation artifact (thin solid arrow) is exhibited in the retromammary fat pad.

 

Figure 3
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  		Figure 3: US image shows 3-mm-diameter hyperechoic lesion (solid arrow) near center (lesion 4), with high attenuation relative to glandular material causing posterior shadowing. The long shadow (open arrow) distal to the cusp in the subcutaneous fat layer results from intense refractive beam distortion at the cusp.

 

Figure 4
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  		Figure 4: US image shows 3-mm-diameter cyst (arrow) near retromammary fat pad (lesion 14). Beam refraction at the subcutaneous fat–glandular interface may be responsible for the apparent irregular shape of the cyst. Some internal echoes are seen in the cyst; these artifactual echoes probably result from presence of US beam side lobes.

 

Figure 5
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  		Figure 5: US image shows 3-mm-diameter cyst (arrow) midway between the subcutaneous fat and retromammary fat pad (lesion 15).

 

Figure 6
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  		Figure 6: US image shows 10-mm-diameter hyperechoic lesion (arrow) with posterior shadowing due to high attenuation (lesion 1).

 

Figure 7
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  		Figure 7: US image shows 3- and 10-mm subtle hypoechoic lesions with attenuation equal to that of surrounding glandular region (ie, no posterior features). The 3-mm lesion (lesion 5) is on the right (solid arrow), and the 10-mm lesion (lesion 3) is on the left (open arrow).

 

Figure 8
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  		Figure 8: US image of 6-mm cyst (solid arrow; lesion 9) and 5-mm fat sphere (open arrow; lesion 8) in subareolar region. Note specular reflections at proximal and distal ends of the fat sphere and mixed posterior enhancement and shadowing distal to the fat sphere; latter artifacts are due to beam refraction at vertical edges of the fat sphere. The fat sphere (lesion 8) was intended to be hyperechoic to the superficial fat layer and slightly hypoechoic to parenchyma but is nearly isoechoic to parenchyma in some phantoms; thus, investigators were not scored on their interpretation of echogenicity of lesion 8. Vertical linear echoes within the cyst are likely related to use of a thin (0.3-mm) stainless steel wire to position the lesion during manufacture; it was removed after congealing of tissue-mimicking glandular parenchyma surrounding the lesion and wire.

 




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