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Figure E1. Erect lateral radiographic view of the head (obtained May 25, 1993) shows the mummified shrunken brain (*) surrounded by air (a). The brain is tethered at the foramen magnum by the spinal cord and rotated posteriorly. |
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Figure E2. Transverse CT section through the cerebral hemispheres (obtained April 14, 1994) shows the presence of a sagittal fissure and multiple cracks and hollow spaces within the brain. Note the wavy dural membrane. Also note the absence of gray and white matter distinction. |
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Figure E3. Lateral radiograph of the nasal and frontal bones (obtained May 23, 1993) shows an angulated fracture (arrow) at the tip of the nasal bones. Because the mummy was discovered in a prone position with the face toward the earth, it is surmised that the fracture is due to contact between the nose and rock. Note the thick and prominent supraorbital ridge (arrowheads). |
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Figure E4. First three-dimensional CT reconstruction of the skull (created on September 26, 1991) from a frontal perspective provides a rendering of the general configuration of the skull and mandible. Many other two- and three-dimensional reconstructions were created to obtain unique perspectives of the iceman's anatomy. Note the presence of pacchionian granulations (arrows) accentuated by a partial-volume effect. |
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Figure E5. Photograph of the right lateral aspect from the last in a series of stereolithographic skull reproductions (obtained in 1996) shows a recessed midface presumably caused by glacial mechanical forces. |
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Figure E6. Lateral radiograph of the cervical spine (obtained May 25, 1993) shows sclerosis and diminished volume of a pillar of C4, with spur formation (arrows) of the adjacent articular facets of C4 and C5, which is consistent with osteoarthritis of the apophyseal (facet) joint. Because of dehydration, all disk spaces are somewhat narrow. However, spurs (arrowheads) at the endplate margins of the C5-6 and C6-7 disk spaces indicate presence of degenerative disk disease at these levels. |
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Figure E7. Schmorl nodules and apophyseal joint osteoarthritis. Transverse CT section through the superior endplate of the transitional lumbosacral segment (obtained May 3, 1994) shows typical bordered lucencies (black arrows) consistent with Schmorl nodules. The adjacent apophyseal joints show sclerosis, small lucencies, and spurs consistent with degenerative alterations. Air is present throughout the dehydrated tissues and within other anatomic spaces now devoid of fluids. Partial destruction of the left posterior iliac wing (white arrows) resulted from trauma during the recovery effort. |
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Figure E8. Detail of the upper thoracic spine from an anteroposterior cervical spine radiograph (obtained May 25, 1993) shows malalignment of the T1 and T2 costotransverse (arrows) and costovertebral (arrowheads) joints bilaterally, secondary to caudad rotation of the ribs. It is surmised that the combination of prone posture, dehydration, and the weight of the packed snow and ice caused the ribs to rotate and the thorax to collapse. |
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Figure E9. Transverse CT section through the thorax (obtained May 3, 1994) shows dehydration of both lungs. The right lung is attached to the parietal pleura in several locations by adhesions (arrowheads). |
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Figure E10. Anteroposterior radiograph of pelvis (obtained May 25, 1993) shows injury to the left side of the pelvis acquired during the recovery effort, with loss of portions of the femoral neck, greater trochanter, ischium, posterior iliac spine, and sacrum. The left femur (*) is posteriorly dislocated. |
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Figure E11. Transverse CT section through the diaphysis of the right femur (obtained May 3, 1994) shows a thick cortex and a prominent linea aspera (arrow). At this window width and level, the large nutrient canal is obscured. These findings suggest that the iceman had powerful thigh muscles, possibly in response to the biomechanical requirements of existence in the Alps. As a result of the massive dehydration of the underlying muscles, the skin has numerous folds. Note air in many tissue planes and spaces. |
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Figure E12. Transverse CT section just craniad to the right ankle joint (obtained September 26, 1991) shows a rectangular (keyhole) lucency (arrow) traversing a portion of the tibial plafond and adjacent soft tissues. The presumed cause of this feature is injury from the blade of a small pneumatic jackhammer used to break up the glacial ice during the recovery effort. |
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Figure E13. Detail from an anteroposterior digital radiograph of the chest (obtained June 27, 2001, at the Regional General Hospital in Bolzano, Italy) shows an opacity (arrows) consistent with an arrowhead located between the rib cage and the left scapula. |
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Figure E14. Three-dimensional reconstruction from a CT data set (obtained May 3, 1994) shows the orientation of the arrowhead (arrow in the magnified portion) in the left shoulder. |
